[172] This animosity is flamed by historical conflicts between Christian and pre-Christian religions, as well as the perceived ongoing Christian disdain from Christians. [157][158][159], Trans exclusion can also be found in Alexandrian Wicca, whose founder views trans individuals as melancholy people who should seek other beliefs due to the Alexandrian focus on heterosexual reproduction and duality. George Watson MacGregor Reid founded the Druid Order in its current form in 1909. [26], Many scholars have favored the use of "neopaganism" to describe this phenomenon, with the prefix "neo-" serving to distinguish the modern religions from their ancient, pre-Christian forerunners. . When Adler asked one gay male pagan what the pagan community offered members of the LGBT community, he replied, "A place to belong. and used standard models for extrapolating likely numbers. Among Circassians, the Adyghe Habze faith has been revived after the fall of the Soviet Union, and followers of neopagan faiths were found to constitute 12% in Karachay-Cherkessia and 3% in Kabardino-Balkaria (both republics are multiethnic and also have many non-Circassians, especially Russians and Turkic peoples)[126] In Abkhazia, the Abkhaz native faith has also been revived, and in the 2003 census, 8% of residents identified with it (note again that there are many non-Abkhaz in the state including Georgians, Russians and Armenians);[127] on 3 August 2012 the Council of Priests of Abkhazia was formally constituted in Sukhumi. As a result such information is provided by religious institutions and other third-party statistical organisations. Regarding to European paganism, In Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives Michael F. Strmiska writes that "in pagan magazines, websites, and Internet discussion venues, Christianity is frequently denounced as an antinatural, antifemale, sexually and culturally repressive, guilt-ridden, and authoritarian religion that has fostered intolerance, hypocrisy, and persecution throughout the world. SS leader Heinrich Himmler designed the . [162] An issue of academic debate has been regarding the connection between these movements. Some modern forms of Paganism have their roots in 19th century C.E. Since Mari make up just 45 percent of the republic's population of 700,000, this figure means that probably more than a third claim to follow the old religion. His parents are buried in the parish church where only Christians can be interred. Various forms of Wicca have since evolved or been adapted from Gardner's British Traditional Wicca or Gardnerian Wicca, such as Alexandrian Wicca. [124] In the US, there are estimated to be between 1 and 1.5 million practitioners.[125]. [146], Adler went on to note that from those she interviewed and surveyed in the US, she could identify a number of common factors that led to people getting involved in paganism: the beauty, vision and imagination that was found within their beliefs and rituals, a sense of intellectual satisfaction and personal growth that they imparted, their support for environmentalism or feminism, and a sense of freedom. In places like the UK pagans like Druid and Wiccan's doubled in size from 2001 and 2011 and definitely still growing. Heathenry is spread out across northwestern Europe, North America and Australasia, where the descendants of historic Germanic-speaking people now live. [37] Some such groups feel a particular affinity for the pre-Christian belief systems of a particular region with which they have no ethnic link because they see themselves as reincarnations of people from that society. Four groups come to mind: 1. Aby Warburgbibliophile, scholar, library founderhas become known as one of the most original and brilliant art historians of the twentieth century. [62] They are therefore not seen as perfect, but rather are venerated as being wise and powerful. [167] Similarly, the New Age movement typically propounds a universalist message which sees all religions as fundamentally the same, whereas paganism stresses the difference between monotheistic religions and those embracing a polytheistic or animistic theology. Wicca has been described as a polytheistic religion. The fracturing of Christians in western Europe into different groups led to conflicts, sometimes called the "wars of religion," that lasted for centuries in Europe. Most are polytheistic realists, believing that the deities are real entities, while others view them as Jungian archetypes. Europe is extremely rich in festivals and holidays, be them Christian, pagan or non-religious. Why is Paganism and other Occult beliefs booming in Europe, America and beyond? In this article, the author surveys the history of Neo-Paganism from the Romantic movement to the 20th-century revival of Witchcraft, Druidism, Asatru and other forms of Pagan religion. Goddess Spirituality revolves around the sacredness of the female form, and of aspects of women's lives that adherents say have been traditionally neglected in Western society, such as menstruation, sexuality, and maternity.[112]. The Pew Research Center(PRC) has as one of its core areas of interest, "Religion and Public Life." It provides extensive reportage on this decline in Christian identity. In the Islamic World, pagans are not considered people of the book, so they do not have the same status as Abrahamic religions in Islamic religious law for example, Muslim men cannot marry pagan women while they are allowed to marry among people of the book; and Muslims can eat meat of halal animals that are slaughtered by people of the book, but not that slaughtered by methods of other religions. [55] Contemporary paganism as practiced in the United States in the 1990s has been described as "a synthesis of historical inspiration and present-day creativity". [68], It is its inclusion of female deity which distinguishes pagan religions from their Abrahamic counterparts. Pagan practices in Europe by then were very rural, isolated, and irregularly organized and were only disappearing as the days passed. At one end is reconstructionism, which seeks to revive historical pagan religions; examples are Heathenry (Germanic), Rodnovery (Slavic), and Hellenism (Greek). [145], Many pagans in North America encounter the movement through their involvement in other hobbies; particularly popular with US pagans are "golden age"-type pastimes such as the Society for Creative Anachronism (SCA), Star Trek fandom, Doctor Who fandom and comic book fandom. Among the young, the situation is worse. "[1] Thus it has been said that although it is "a highly diverse phenomenon", "an identifiable common element" nevertheless runs through the pagan movement. Golden Dawn ended up winning 18 seats, making it the third-largest party in parliament. It's pretty clear from the context that this is the sense in which the pope is using it. [62] These deities are typically depicted in human form, and are viewed as having human faults. [99] By the time of the collapse of the former Soviet Union in 1991, freedom of religion was legally established across Russia and a number of other newly independent states, allowing for the growth in both Christian and non-Christian religions. [63] Pagans feel that this understanding of the gods reflected the dynamics of life on Earth, allowing for the expression of humour. Eugenius restored the Altar of Victory and funded other pagan projects. Hanegraaff suggested that whereas various forms of contemporary paganism were not part of the New Age movement particularly those who pre-dated the movement other pagan religions and practices could be identified as New Age. [17] A number of academics, particularly in North America, consider modern paganism a form of nature religion. [78], Pagan ritual can take place in both a public and private setting. [50] While Wicca is identified as an eclectic form of paganism,[51] Strmiska also notes that some Wiccans have moved in a more reconstructionist direction by focusing on a particular ethnic and cultural link, thus developing such variants as Norse Wicca and Celtic Wicca. I simply accepted, reaffirmed, and extended a very old experience. Heathenry is a term used to describe the religious practices of two main groups of people, one historical and one modern. [30], The term "neo-pagan" was coined in the 19th century in reference to Renaissance and Romanticist Hellenophile classical revivalism. [87] Various folk beliefs have periodically been labeled as pagan and churches have demanded that they should be purged. [25] Doyle White writes that modern religions that draw upon the pre-Christian belief systems of other parts of the world, such as Sub-Saharan Africa or the Americas, cannot be seen as part of the contemporary pagan movement, which is "fundamentally Eurocentric". Many pagans hold that different lands and/or cultures have their own natural religion, with many legitimate interpretations of divinity, and therefore reject religious exclusivism. In Iceland, the satrarflagi, or sir faith, represents the contemporary continuation of Norse paganism. It draws inspirations from historical Druids, the priest caste of the ancient pagan Celts. This ancient religious outlook remains active throughout much of the world today, both in complex civilisations such as Japan and India, and in less complex tribal societies world-wide. As a result, fairly detailed breakdowns of pagan respondents are available. [173] They also express disapproval of Christianity's continued missionary efforts around the globe at the expense of indigenous and other polytheistic faiths. [35], For some pagan groups, ethnicity is central to their religion, and some restrict membership to a single ethnic group. [31] Pagan as a self-designation appeared in 1964 and 1965, in the publications of the Witchcraft Research Association; at that time, the term was in use by Wiccans in the United States and the United Kingdom, but unconnected to the broader, counterculture pagan movement. . First, it can refer to a belief that everything in the universe is imbued with a life force or spiritual energy. [22] Other terms some pagans favor include "traditional religion", "indigenous religion", "nativist religion", and "reconstructionism". [6] The academic field of pagan studies began to coalesce in the 1990s, emerging from disparate scholarship in the preceding two decades. Neopaganism (sometimes Neo-Paganism) describes a heterogeneous group of new religious movements which attempt to revive ancient, mainly pre-Christian and often pre-Judaic Indo-European religions. ", Religious studies scholar Michael Strmiska[55], Although inspired by the pre-Christian belief systems of the past, modern paganism is not the same phenomenon as these lost traditions and in many respects differs from them considerably. According to this view, human society was formerly a matriarchy, with communities being egalitarian, pacifistic, and focused on the worship of the Mother goddess,[117] which was subsequently overthrown by violent and warlike patriarchal hordes - usually Indo-European pastoralists who worshipped male sky-gods,[117] and continued to rule through the form of Abrahamic religions, specifically Christianity in the West. Strmiska also suggests that this division could be seen as being based on "discourses of identity", with reconstructionists emphasizing a deep-rooted sense of place and people, and eclectics embracing a universality and openness toward humanity and the Earth. [5] Modern pagan movements can be placed on a spectrum. [29] In 2015, Rountree opined that this lower case/upper case division was "now [the] convention" in pagan studies. "[165] $17.85 - $52.94 32 Used from $3.00 12 New from $44.68 1 Collectible from $37.00. [11], Contemporary paganism has been defined as "a collection of modern religious, spiritual, and magical traditions that are self-consciously inspired by the pre-Judaic, pre-Christian, and pre-Islamic belief systems of Europe, North Africa, and the Near East. European nationalism (including the British Order of Druids), but most . [88] The Western attitude to paganism gradually changed during the early modern period. [74], Animism was also a concept common to many pre-Christian European religions, and in adopting it, contemporary pagans are attempting to "reenter the primeval worldview" and participate in a view of cosmology "that is not possible for most Westerners after childhood". The establishment and growth of the Internet in the 1990s brought rapid growth to these, and other pagan movements. Her own name, she notes, is derived from Thor's stone - "there are many, many names in Iceland linked with Thor". Prior to the spread of the 20th-century neopagan movements, a notable instance of self-identified paganism was in Sioux writer Zitkala-sa's essay "Why I Am A Pagan". Renaissance and revival History of modern Paganism Contemporary Paganism is the restoration of indigenous religion, especially that of ancient Europe. "[44] Strmiska argues that these two poles could be termed reconstructionism and eclecticism, respectively. [168], Because of their common links to the Proto-Indo-European culture, many adherents of modern paganism have come to regard Hinduism as a spiritual relative. [106] Today the followers of the Chuvash Traditional Religion are called "the true Chuvash". [137], According to Helen A. Berger's 1995 survey "The Pagan Census", most American pagans are middle-class, educated, and live in urban/suburban areas on the East and West coasts. Asatru is the name of a 20th-century revival of Norse paganism. [148] She went on to remark that she had encountered pagans in jobs that ranged from "fireman to PhD chemist" but that the one thing that she thought made them into an "elite" was as avid readers, something that she found to be very common within the pagan community despite the fact that avid readers constituted less than 20% of the general population of the United States at the time. Theologian Jone Salomonsen noted in the 1980s and 1990s that the reclaiming movement of San Francisco featured an unusually high number of LGBT people, particularly bisexuals. [16] They noted that in these latter regions, pagan groups placed an emphasis on "the centrality of the nation, the ethnic group, or the tribe". Further, some convents only accepted women of the nobility or those who . Capitalizing the word, they argue, makes "Paganism" appear as the name of a cohesive religion rather than a generic religious category, and comes off as naive, dishonest or as an unwelcome attempt to disrupt the spontaneity and vernacular quality of the movement. [], In 2006, there were at least 6804 (0.164%) pagans among New Zealand's population of approximately 4 million. [85] Among those who believe in it, there are a variety of different views about what magic is. | Roz Kaveney", "Oh, My Pop Culture Goddess: Transgender Issues in Wicca and Paganism", Neo-paganism and nationalism. Instead, she argued that "in most cases", converts first become interested in the movement through "word of mouth, a discussion between friends, a lecture, a book, an article or a Web site". This includes animism, nature religion, Druidism, pantheism, and Wicca/Witchcraft. In Wicca, male and female deities are typically balanced out in a form of duotheism. In the early medieval ages, these religions were influential, and, in some cases, they were even the official . [150], The sociologist Regina Oboler examined the role of gender in the US pagan community, arguing that although the movement had been constant in its support for the equality of men and women ever since its foundation, there was still an essentialist view of gender engrained within it, with female deities being accorded traditional western feminine traits and male deities being similarly accorded what western society saw as masculine traits. ", "Minoan Brotherhood | Transcendence Directory | Western Esotericism Community", "Why won't pagans accept trans women? [154] Margot Adler noted groups whose practices focused on male homosexuality, such as Eddie Buczynski's Minoan Brotherhood, a Wiccan sect that combines the iconography from ancient Minoan religion with a Wiccan theology and an emphasis on men who love men, and the eclectic pagan group known as the Radical Faeries. Obviously a complete revival is probably impossible but are small scale ones possible?. [59], Beliefs and practices vary widely among different pagan groups; however, there are a series of core principles common to most, if not all, forms of modern paganism. [71] The prominent Reclaiming priestess Starhawk related that a core part of goddess-centred pagan witchcraft was "the understanding that all being is interrelated, that we are all linked with the cosmos as parts of one living organism. The Mari native religion in fact has a continuous existence, but has co-existed with Orthodox Christianity for centuries, and experienced a renewal after the fall of the Soviet Union. Magliocco noted that it was this world that pagans "strive to re-create in some measure". Eco-paganism and Eco-magic, which are offshoots of direct action environmental groups, strongly emphasize fairy imagery and a belief in the possibility of intercession by the fae (fairies, pixies, gnomes, elves, and other spirits of nature and the Otherworlds). Many years after the last inscriptions to the Eastern divinities had been dedicated in the provinces, such dedications were sufficiently numerous at Rome, particularly so during the closing years of the fourth century, when the pagan revival reached its culmination. With the growth and spread of large, pagan gatherings and festivals in the 1980s, public varieties of Wicca continued to further diversify into additional, eclectic sub-denominations, often heavily influenced by the New Age and counter-culture movements. [70] In Wicca, a Wheel of the Year has been developed which typically involves eight seasonal festivals. Go home": A Revival of Neo-Paganism between the Baltic Sea and Transcaucasia, "How Do Pagans Feel About Homosexuality? Neo-druidism. Some modern pagan literature prominently features comparative religion involving European and Indian traditions. While the pagan community has tremendous variety in political views spanning the whole of the political spectrum, environmentalism is often a common feature. Today, the Western nations, once considered "Christian," appear to be in the midst of a "pagan revival," as noted in a December 2018 New York Times article titled "The Return of Paganism." They are modern people with a great reverence for the spirituality of the past, making a new religion a modern Paganism from the remnants of the past, which they interpret, adapt, and modify according to modern ways of thinking. Organised by the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Lancaster, North-West England, it was entitled "Nature Religion Today: Western Paganism, Shamanism and Esotericism in the 1990s", and led to the publication of an academic anthology, entitled Nature Religion Today: Paganism in the Modern World. "[72], Another pivotal belief in the contemporary pagan movement is that of animism. [99], The 1980s and 1990s also saw an increasing interest in serious academic research and reconstructionist pagan traditions. [104] Their main god is Tura, a deity comparable to the Estonian Taara, the Germanic Thunraz and the pan-Turkic Tengri. [131] A similar number was claimed by Victor Schnirelmann, for whom between a quarter and a half of the Mari either worship the pagan gods or are adherents of neopagan groups. [28] Several pagan studies scholars, such as Ronald Hutton and Sabina Magliocco, have emphasized the use of the upper-case "Paganism" to distinguish the modern movement from the lower-case "paganism", a term commonly used for pre-Christian belief systems. When the Roman Emperor Julian (Flavius Claudius Julianus) came to power, Christianity was less popular than polytheism, but when Julian, a pagan (in contemporary usage) known as "the Apostate," was killed in battle, it was the end of Roman official acceptance of polytheism. Places of natural beauty are therefore treated as sacred and ideal for ritual, like the nemetons of the ancient Celts.[76]. [10] A second, less common definition found within pagan studiespromoted by the religious studies scholars Michael F. Strmiska and Graham Harveycharacterises modern paganism as a single religion, of which groups like Wicca, Druidry, and Heathenry are denominations. [91] These attitudes would also be exported to North America by European immigrants in these centuries. This usage has been common since the pagan revival in the 1970s. [152][153], In response, groups and sects inclusive of or specific to LGBT people have developed. [179], The relationship between pagan studies scholars and some practising pagans has at times been strained. [44] They often follow scholarly debates about the nature of such pre-Christian religions, and some reconstructionists are themselves scholars. [164] Ethan Doyle White stated that while the pagan and New Age movements "do share commonalities and overlap", they were nevertheless "largely distinct phenomena. Expect More. For the last several centuries, Europe and America have become increasingly secular as pre-Christian ideas and traditions have gained acceptance. What affects one of us affects us all. The decentralised nature of paganism and sheer number of solitary practitioners further complicates matters. Choose from Same Day Delivery, Drive Up or Order Pickup. [128] In North Ossetia, the Uatsdin faith was revived, and in 2012, 29% of the population identified with it (North Ossetia is about 2/3 Ossetian and 1/3 Russian). [134], A study by Ronald Hutton compared a number of different sources (including membership lists of major UK organizations, attendance at major events, subscriptions to magazines, etc.) Unitarian Universalists look for spiritual inspiration in a wide variety of religious beliefs. Having suffered years of oppression through Soviet secularism and facing an ongoing threat from the current government, the Mari people are unique and strong. [178] In 2004, the first peer-reviewed, academic journal devoted to pagan studies began publication. Historian Ronald Hutton has argued that many of the motifs of 20th century neo-paganism may be traced back to the utopian, mystical counter-cultures of the late-Victorian and Edwardian periods (also extending in some instances into the 1920s), via the works of amateur folklorists, popular authors, poets, political radicals and alternative lifestylers. The population of Europe was growing, but in the 12th century the nun's orders on the whole were not opening new convents. [167] Further, the New Age movement shows little interest in magic and witchcraft, which are conversely core interests of pagan religions such as Wicca. At the other end are eclectic movements, which blend elements of historical paganism with other religions and philosophies; examples are Wicca, neo-Druidry, and the Goddess movement. [] The overall numbers of people self-reporting as pagan rose between 2001 and 2011. Religio Romana is a modern Pagan reconstructionist religion based upon the ancient faith of pre-Christian Rome. Originally written by Wiccan High Priestess Doreen Valiente in the mid-1950s, the poem allows Wiccans to gain wisdom and experience deity in "the ordinary things in life". Hilmar rn Hilmarsson: satr is a pre-Christian religion that was prevalent in Northern Europe over 1,000 years ago. [103], The Chuvash people, a Turkic ethnic group native to an area stretching from the Volga Region to Siberia, have experienced a pagan revival since the fall of the Soviet Union. [49] Modern forms of paganism are rooted in the 19th century C.E. This is connected with a belief in either pantheism or panentheism. [79] In order to induce such altered states of consciousness, pagans utilize such elements as drumming, visualization, chanting, singing, dancing, and meditation. [64] Others adopt the belief that the deities have both a psychological and external existence. [9] The category of modern paganism could be compared to the categories of Abrahamic religions and Indian religions in its structure. [140] Respondents were given the option to select one or more religious affiliations. [36] Other pagan groups allow people of any ethnicity, on the view that the gods and goddesses of a particular region can call anyone to their form of worship. Who were the last pagans in Europe? Originally used by Roman Christians to describe polytheists, it grew in Medieval Europe to describe anyone other than a Christian or indeed the "right sort" of Christian including Jews and Muslims, despite their monotheism. If Europeans are unable to follow a logical monotheistic belief system like Christianity what makes you think they'll believe in pagan fairytales like the tsunamis being caused by a giant serpent, . He then discusses the future prospects of Paganism, examining various social and cultural factors that work in its favour and others that work against it. It is, in fact, unique among Pagan paths. [46], On the reconstructionist side can be placed those movements which often favour the designation "Native Faith", including Romuva, Heathenry, and Hellenism. It actually dates back much longer than that: it has roots in Hinduism and old Persian beliefs, but it moved to Northern Europe and mingled with indigenous beliefs . [67] This pluralistic perspective has helped the varied factions of modern paganism exist in relative harmony. European nationalism (including the British Order of Druids), but most contemporary Pagan groups trace their immediate. An example of a nativistic movement is: . Well, it's home to one of the most dynamic revival preachers in Europe, Jean-Luc Trachsel, whose ministry in Oron is growing steadily and regularly sees conversions in the hundreds. [169], In India, a prominent figure who made similar efforts was the Hindu revivalist Ram Swarup, who pointed out parallels between Hinduism and European and Arabic paganism. Although the movement is small, there is a religious movement attempting to revive the worship of the ancient Greek gods . [121], In 1925, the Czech esotericist Franz Sttler founded the pagan religion Adonism, devoted to the ancient Greek god Adonis, whom Sttler equated with the Christian Satan, and which purported that the end of the world would come in 2000. The word 'pagan' (small 'p') is often used pejoratively to mean simply 'uncivilised', or even 'un-Christian' (the two generally being assumed to be identical), in the same way that 'heathen' is used. [143] Further support for Adler's idea came from American Wiccan priestess Judy Harrow, who noted that among her comrades, there was a feeling that "you don't become pagan, you discover that you always were". Adherents look for elements of this human history in "theological, anthropological, archaeological, historical, folkloric and hagiographic writings".[118]. [48] Concern has also been expressed regarding the utility of the term "reconstructionism" when dealing with paganisms in Central and Eastern Europe, because in many of the languages of these regions, equivalents of the term "reconstructionism" such as the Czech Historick rekonstrukce and Lithuanian Istorin rekonstrukcija are already used to define the secular hobby of historical re-enactment. [166] Various differences between the two movements have been highlighted; the New Age movement focuses on an improved future, whereas the focus of Paganism is on the pre-Christian past. [92], "The rise of modern Paganism is both a result and a measure of increased religious liberty and rising tolerance for religious diversity in modern societies, a liberty and tolerance made possible by the curbing of the sometimes oppressive power wielded by Christian authorities to compel obedience and participation in centuries past. 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And other Occult beliefs booming in Europe, North America, consider modern paganism form. Pagan movement is that of animism probably impossible but are small scale ones possible? 153... Up or Order Pickup two poles could be termed reconstructionism and eclecticism, respectively brought rapid growth to these and... Chuvash '' $ 52.94 32 used from $ 3.00 12 New from $ 37.00: satr is a religious attempting... ], in response, groups and sects inclusive of or specific to LGBT people developed! Out across northwestern Europe, North America and Australasia, where the descendants of historic Germanic-speaking people now.... Delivery, Drive up or Order Pickup paganism could be termed reconstructionism and eclecticism respectively. Academics, particularly in North America and beyond `` How Do pagans Feel Homosexuality...
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