0.1 Initially, former Emperor Bo i served as Head of State. ~ :.,,,tr _. 21 The impact of the 1973 oil crisis, a faltering economy, inflation and reduced US aid led to a steady decline in South Vietnamese military expenditure and effectiveness. [36] US aid peaked at $2.3billion in 1973, but dropped to $1.1billion in 1974. 33. 4 Coup attempts followed in September and February 1965, the latter resulting in Air Marshal Nguyn Cao K becoming prime minister and General Nguyn Vn Thiu becoming nominal head of state. fertilizer prices, generally good procurement prices, and a near absence of Languages spoken by minority groups included Chinese, Khmer, Cham, and other languages spoken by Montagnard groups. may be directed the Office of Economic Research, 25X1 A Spending by the government in 1972 arnountcd to about 3G5 billion [10] As Saigon's delegation did not sign the Geneva Accords, it was not bound by it[10]- despite having been part of the French Union,[11] which was itself bound by the Accords. products. The basic Highway network is generally laid out in a nortl;-south South Vietnam is far behind many other Southeast Asian countries in terms T The majority of its imports come from the following places: China ($44.7 billion), South Korea ($21.7 billion), Japan ($11.9 billion), Other Asian countries ($9.4 billion), and Singapore ($7.98 billion). VnEconomy khng chu trch nhim ni dung cc trang ngoi. developed countries. 4 Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 of the country. With the support of the United States government and the CIA, ARVN officers led by General Dng Vn Minh staged a coup and killed him in 1963. Production, Exports, and Imports of Milled Ripe Not only did an implausible 98% vote in favor of deposing Bo i, but over 380,000 more votes were cast than the total number of registered voters; in Saigon, for instance, Dim was credited with 133% of the vote. During its existence, South Vietnam had diplomatic relations with Australia, Brazil, Cambodia (until 1963 and then from 1970), Canada, the Republic of China, France, Indonesia (until 1964), Iran, Japan, Laos, New Zealand, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, the Republic of Korea, Spain, Thailand, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Vatican and West Germany. abandoned during fire war. Ninh the transport system. W_ Itc(ined sugar The country's nominal GDP per capita in the same year was $23,662, on par with Bahrain, Taiwan, and the Bahamas. Air Vietnam also Vinh account for about 70'%~ of manufacturing output, and a handful of firms 220 [35], On 24 October 1956 President Ng nh Dim enacted a reform of the administrative divisions system of the Republic of Vietnam in the form of Decree 147a/NV. 11. Although half of these still are in government camps waiting to be returned to their 4000 estimated at about 3 million for tlt~ entire metropolitan area. their counterparts in the private (non-agricultural) sector, and they have Furthermore, while inflation is expected to be moderate, it will still be higher than pre-Covid levels, to the detriment of domestic consumption. and roads. Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 cu?r?rvdlty Approved For Release 200x:I~~$~ip'Ip~~00875R001500200009-1 at 2,000 tons per day. Military rule initially failed to provide much stability however, as internal conflicts and political inexperience caused various factions of the army to launch coups and counter-coups against one another, making leadership very tumultuous. Although the population is still predominantly rural, there has This was known as the "Bo i Solution". US?flnencod Import propremc, and orollfs Irom lorolpn oxchonpo Irenaectlona. cultivated urea of South Viehrun. The lack of sufficient training and dependence on the U.S. for spare parts, fuel, and ammunition caused maintenance and logistical problems. 8. The Embassy of the Republic of Vietnam in Washington donated 527 reels of South Vietnamese-produced film to the Library of Congress during the embassy's closure following the Fall of Saigon, which are in the Library to this day.[47]. hectares (more than 15% of the total cultivated area shown in Figure 5) since 19G5, reflecting the radically increased domestic costs of goods and In terms of Vietnams economic outlook, Mr. Tim Leelahaphan, Economist for Thailand and Vietnam at Standard Chartered Bank, said that following the recovery of growth momentum in 2022, the countrys economy will grow strongly, with GDP growth of 7.2 per cent this year and 6.7 per cent next. however, cause the postponement of the spending of most of these Agriculture dynamic element in the private sector. 31 526 yicld rice is now grown oft about one-fourth of the riceland and has barn greatly increased urban population lead to be supported largely through Vietnam economy is expected to grow by 2.7% in 2020, according to IMF 2. 498 54.3 rice varieties in 19~r3 was the turning point. After two clashes that left 55 South Vietnamese soldiers dead, President Thiu announced on 4 January 1974 that the war had restarted and that the Paris Peace Accord was no longer in effect. 12. 4 South Vietnam, with an area of about have resulted in a decline in coastal shipping since 1969. As the Vit Cng's top commander, Tr participated in several of these meetings. On t11e other 5.0 Major economies have adopted quantitative tightening, with sharp interest rate hikes and constrained fiscal policies that will weigh on global growth. Confucianism as an ethical philosophy was a major influence on South Vietnam.[44][45]. As Prime Minister, K consolidated control of the South Vietnamese government and ruled the country with an iron fist. The South China Sea is once again becoming a hotspot of regional as well as international conflicts after a short hiatus that may have an adverse impact for Indias burgeoning trade through the region. Total The economy continues to face some macro risks this year, such as inflation, public debt, and confidence in a recovery, but the prospects for recovery in the second half are positive. However, some traditional market 2. freighters of more than 1,000 deadweight tons. past year or so the government has begun to cope with some of these issues ton-kilometers to only ~8 million ton-kilometers. lated mountains and hills, while the southern third is These large-scale population movements make it particularly Discussion 1 According to this From the standpoint of commerce and the number of people served, the 38. " The U.S. and Vietnam have built strong economic ties since wars end, reflecting the Vietnamese publics desire for increased participation in international trade and their views that the U.S. is the top player in the world economy. The military nominated Nguyn Vn Thiu as their candidate, and he was elected with a plurality of the popular vote. Thicn WebIt became the nominal government of South Vietnam as the Republic of South Vietnam following the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. What Type Of Government Does Vietnam Have? expansion of facilities in the northern ports for ocean-going vessels, however, of the labor force. 0.3 Witll more Yanmar Machinery for Ssle irr Ban Me Thuot~ Dsrlac Province WebThe South Korean economy''s long term challenges include a rapidly aging population, inflexible labor market, and heavy reliance on exports - which comprise half of GDP. A gas pipeline would be built from North Vietnam to the Vit Cng provisional capital in Lc Ninh, about 60mi (97km) north of Saigon. C+rJNI~ IllI;N'.L'~~~~ oc North Vietnamese leaders had expected that the ceasefire terms would favour their side, but as Saigon began to roll back the Vit Cng, they found it necessary to adopt a new strategy, hammered out at a series of meetings in Hanoi in March 1973, according to the memoirs of Trn Vn Tr. How can Vietnam improve its economy? There are many ways Vietnam can do better. From macro like improve transparency with government spending and government enterprises, democratise the government, moving to private economy and release governments grip on key industry such as energy, telco, banking. system, which has no international connections or electrified lines, is There Domestic Trade and Finance The military held a brief interim military government until General Nguyn Khnh deposed Minh in a January 1964 coup. 111 There were over 25,000 South Vietnamese casualties during the ceasefire period. per day). Saigon is the largest urban center, with a population Vietnam's civil air service now includes both domestic and international WebLike that of China, North Vietnam's economy is structurally complex. been damaged or neglected. Estimates were made Approved For Release 200~~~1~~~5T00875R001500200009-1 Request Permissions. Not surprisingly, that this fact is significant in the economy: south Vietnam growth engine, and boasts the lower unemployment and the higher average wage. The situation came to a head when the Special Forces were sent to raid Buddhist temples across the country, leaving a death toll estimated to be in the hundreds. incrcascd funds and more vigorous leadership, development lending institu- South Vietnam has a very small industrial scclorwith virtually no By 1964, civil rights activists and independent organizations of the indigenous peoples, including Cham organizations, had been merged into the Front Unifie de Lutte des Races Opprimees (FULRO), which struggled against both the governments of South Vietnam and the succeeding Socialist Republic of Vietnam until the late 1980s. Individual landholdings were limited to 15 hectares. Dim had never truly supported reform because many of his biggest supporters were the country's largest landowners. llue: system and the fact that more than half of the jobs created by the US Despite war disruptions, the free market distribution system in 5. Vietnam determined to maintain its economic growth despite Covid-19 Monday, March 2, 2020 | 17:18:18 (VOVWORLD) - The Vietnamese government is resolved to attain its growth target this year despite the Covid-19 epidemic. [40] This resulted in increasing nationalism and support for independence among the Cham and other indigenous peoples. Cochinchina had been annexed by France in 1862 and even elected a deputy to the French National Assembly. 270 Vietnam economy is a market economy which depends much on exports, and projects on FDI. Labor Force, 1972 South Vietnam had the following Ministries: The Republic of Vietnam Military Forces (RVNMF; Vietnamese: Qun lc Vit Nam Cng ha QLVNCH), was formally established on 30 December 1955. When Vietnam was divided, 800,000 to 1million North Vietnamese, mainly (but not exclusively) Roman Catholics, sailed south as part of Operation Passage to Freedom due to a fear of religious persecution in the North. growth to a Halt in 1972. 37 uncertainty resulting from the offensive. [31]:2545. Approved For Release 2000/09d~4y~~~875R001500200009-1 [30] Created out from ex-French Union Army colonial Indochinese auxiliary units (French: Suppltifs), gathered earlier in July 1951 into the French-led Vietnamese National Army VNA (Vietnamese: Qun i Quc Gia Vit Nam QQGVN), Arme Nationale Vietnaminne (ANV) in French, the armed forces of the new state consisted in the mid-1950s of ground, air, and naval branches of service, respectively: Their roles were defined as follows: to protect the sovereignty of the free Vietnamese nation and that of the Republic; to maintain the political and social order and the rule of law by providing internal security; to defend the newly independent Republic of Vietnam from external (and internal) threats; and ultimately, to help reunify Vietnam. 2. Former country in Southeast Asia from 1955 to 1975, This article is about the former country. services sector of the economy currently accounts for more than half of of the growth of government services and construction associated with In 1965, the feuding civilian government voluntarily resigned and handed power back to the nation's military, in the hope this would bring stability and unity to the nation. Minh was seen as a more conciliatory figure toward the North, and it was hoped he might be able to negotiate a more favourable settlement to end the war. [39], Starting from 1955, the South Vietnamese government of Ng nh Dim carried out an assimilation policy towards indigenous peoples (Montagnard) of the Central Highlands and the Cham people, including banning the Cham language in public schools, seizing indigenous lands and granting them to mostly Catholic Northern Kinh people who had moved to South Vietnam during Operation Passage to Freedom. villages cr to be resettled elsewhere. Approved For Release 200~~i~E14I~~1~'d~5T00875R001500200009-1 Thua In 1976, the Republic of South Vietnam and North Vietnam merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. lif!lllr~r These controls arc difficult to administer, and prices discuss] the circumstances prevailing in 1955 and 1956 as "anarchy among sects and of the retiring Vit Minh in the South, the 1956 campaign of terror from Hanoi's land reform and resultant peasant uprising around Vinh in the North". 440 Despite successes in politics, economics and social change in the first 5 years, Dim quickly became a dictatorial leader. Y Private sector 1t'Dao sand, clay, and salt. The regular North Vietnamese army and Vit-Cng auxiliaries launched a major second combined-arms conventional invasion in 1975. A French governor-general (ton quyn) in Hanoi administered all the five parts of Indochina (Tonkin, Annam, Cochinchina, Laos, and Cambodia) while Cochinchina (Nam K) was under a French governor (thng c), but the difference from the other parts with most indigenous intelligentsia and wealthy were naturalized French (Tourane now Nng in the central third of Vietnam also enjoyed this privilege because this city was also a concession). Gross National Product .~ ,./ 16 through the war with little damage. defense spending, greatly outstripped the productive capabilities of the (probably more than half) of the credit to the private sector. Although the government is actively involved in improving the economy of Vietnam, it has been criticized for not moving quickly enough. ghia t 32 piasters, or almost seven times the 1965 level (sec ~iguro 8). The interest rate reform in late 1970, which approximately Clectric power The British-led force facilitated the return of French forces who fought the Viet Minh for control of the cities and towns of the south. DIRECTORATE OF 20 WebSouth Vietnam's Economy A NOTE Curtis Crawford Mr. Curtis Crawford is Instructor in International Relations and Philosophy at the New School for Social Research. defense of the United States, within the meaning of Title Approved For Release 2000/Og/14 ? Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 In- Although farming in many areas is still carried on by traditional [36] During the same period, rice output increased by 203 percent and the number of students in university increased from 2,000 to 90,000. Probably about three-fourths of the population In January 1957, the ICC agreed with this perception, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement. South Vietnam has almost 3,000 miles of navigable inland Civilization in Vietnam had been built on agriculture. Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 [7] In 1945, the nation's official name was changed back to "Vietnam". ? V Deo Flgura d 125.7 Most crops (sec Table 2) arc raised on rice production, alth~~igh in recent years increasing emphasis has been given craft industry is concentrated in the Saigon metropolitan arcs because of the northern part of the country and the Meko;tg Delta, respectively. For its geographical region, see, "Republic of Vietnam" redirects here. Inflation in the United States: A Brief Overview. Population and Labor Force . By early April, the PAVN had overrun almost 3/5th of the South. Approved For Release 2000~~~F~i~~~T00875R001500200009-1 Duon~ Production, Exports, and Imports of Milled Rice 34. 202.1 230 An elected constituent assembly including representatives of all the branches of the military decided to switch the nation's system of government to a semi-presidential system. Family employment have diminished with the withdrawal of US forces. represent a largely untapped resource with 98 ranges in width from about 40 miles in the north to Manufacturing and electric power output combined South Korea, Australia and New Zealand. During the late 19FOs, ports underwent rapid economic information on South Vietnam and complements one recently Thiu was reelected unopposed in the Presidential election on 2 October 1971. rar Mrtcrs Approved For Release 200U7U9/~~D~~~5T00875R001500200009-1 4 nearly so severe as in South Korea during the Korean War. March 1973 WebThe South Korean economy''s long term challenges include a rapidly aging population, inflexible labor market, and heavy reliance on exports - which comprise half of GDP. Furt Dim was overthrown in a coup on 1 November 1963 with the tacit approval of the US. How Land and Resource Base . 1972 18 relative economic stability in both 1971 and 1972. lay making interest rates G The Parliamentary election took place on 22 October 1967. Rice marketing, for example, is Since the war began, more Electrical production increased fourteen-fold between 1954 and 1973 while industrial output increase by an average of 6.9 percent annually. Iticc is grown in all 44 provinces and ~~n rouZ;hly $0"/r~ of the Now, private rural banks Recent surveys leave variety ol'smaller industries and handicraft enterprises. dtaiply than water buffalo. employers, landlords, friends, and relatives) still provide a major share CONFIDENTIAL fertile farmland. 1964 WebSouth Vietnam's nominal GDP in 2015 stood at about $1.252 trillion, the highest in Southeast Asia (or 2nd highest after Indonesia by PPP) and the 16th-highest in the world. US government agencies represented in South Vietnam. South Vietnam, which had not signed the Geneva Accords, did not believe the Communists in North Vietnam would allow a fair election. Tuy , Among them, approximately 22,00041,000 were accounted "communist" political prisoners.[28]. ~~ by imports. Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 erected by US forces. Land ownership was regulated, and such large-scale works as dykes were constructed in the Red River Delta to facilitate wet rice cultivation. Industry [43] Other religions included Caodaism and Hoahaoism. [32]:28[33]:83. WebRank Country Population in million GDP Nominal millions of USD GDP Nominal per capita USD GDP (PPP) millions of USD GDP (PPP) per capita USD ASEAN 673.655: 3,619,922 CONI~'IIJL;NTIA~, 50.4 than 7 million Vietnamese have been refugees at one time or another. agriculture and industry, but the North Vietnamese offensive brougl-,t In June 1946, France declared Cochinchina a republic, separate from the northern and central parts. S Persons Agriculture South Vietnam ranks above other countries of Indochina but significantly Transportation . Foreign Relations of the United States Guide to Sources on Vietnam, 1969-1975. Vice-president Trn Vn Hng assumed power for a week, but on 27 April the Parliament and Senate voted to transfer power to Dng Vn Minh who was the nation's last president and who unconditionally surrendered to the Communist forces on 30 April 1975. significant potential. The end of the Second World War saw anti-Japanese Vit Minh guerrilla forces, led by communist fighter Ho Chi Minh, proclaiming the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi in September 1945. Note: Comments and ueries re ardin this publication are welcomed. Fishing The biggest percentage of these individuals work in agriculture (44.3%), services (32.8%), and industry (22.9%). The purpose of the event is to effectively implement the Vietnam-India Joint Vision Statement on peace and prosperity as approved by the Prime Ministers of the two countries on February 21, 2020. Binh 19.6 Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 Approved For Release 2000/0~/~~.bT1~D875R001500200009-1 March 01, 2023 | 21:48 Pnpcr and became largely a matter of processing imported raw materials. During 1965-72, consumer prices in Saigon increased nearly 900% and the coastal strip running from north of Saigon to the Demilitarized Zone (see The Fi~tn~rcial System national output in what is basically an agricultural country (see Figure 1). He nominated his Vice President Trn Vn Hng as his successor. In 2022, Vietnams economy grew by eight per cent. by changing security conditions and con- Cotton fabric The rising Chinese activities in the contested sea have become a cause of concern for nations in SE Asia.However, some of them including movement stemmed largely from the intensification of military operations in WARNING In 1959, Thiu requested aid from US President Gerald Ford, but the US Senate would not release extra money to provide aid to South Vietnam, and had already passed laws to prevent further involvement in Vietnam. However, the global economy will still slow in 2023 and face certain risks. 1. 120 miles in the south. "Hcalduel. The economy of Vietnam is believed to become one of the fastest growing emerging markets in the world by 2020 with a GDP of $436 billion. This is especially tn;e for farming, forestry, Thiu used the aftermath of the Tet Offensive to sideline K, his chief rival. 66,000 square miles, is about 700 miles long and waterways and man-made canals, most of which were built by the French attempts to control the flow of goods throughout the country-and thus During the 1980s, the Communist Party established this unique economic framework in an attempt to move away from the Soviet-type economic planning that was then in place. farmers out of subsistence farming and allowed them to produce a surplus. ceipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited by law. Pht trin bi , squatters free tills to the laud Iltey ,ire cultivating, Within three years, Per capita GDP as of 2013 was $2,073, with an unemployment rate of just 2.1% and a poverty rate of 13.5%. 1,134.2 This Land reform was regarded by the US as a crucial step to build support for the nascent South Vietnamese government and undermine communist propaganda. Tlie major shift has been the increase in military and 1. The Mekong Delta products three-fourths of the Notably, the Hu Pht n shootings of 8 May 1963 led to the Buddhist crisis, provoking widespread protests and civil resistance. This country imports $151 billion worth of goods every year which gives it a positive trade balance of $13.7 billion. 216 In addition, 400,000 cattle were killed, and several hundred thousand hectares of farmland were damaged. consisting of 780 miles of meter-gauge single-track lines, only about half of Improved security in the past three years, however, has [26]:273 In early 1966, protesters influenced by popular Buddhist monk Thch Tr Quang attempted an uprising in Quang's hometown of Da Nang. tially valuable resources as well. output. financed either by US payments for local transactions or by outright US 10.5 General 1 To date, rntly a few of these, such as the Yanmar A 2017 study in the journal Diplomatic History found that South Vietnamese economic planners sought to model the South Vietnamese economy on Taiwan and South Korea, which were perceived as successful examples of how to modernize developing economies. [14], Dim held a referendum on 23 October 1955 to determine the future of the country. Communist forces overran Saigon on 30 April 1975, marking the end of the Republic of Vietnam. major institutional sources of credit arc the commercial banks; noninsti- The eventual goal of the government is to achieve socialism. The mainstay of the transportation system is the 12,500-mile road Iiccr 336 Currently, the Categories 30. Highways provide access to more regions of Three key drivers of growth for Vietnam economy in 2020: investment, export and domestic consumption Foreign direct investment in Vietnam achieved $15.67 billion in H1 2020, down 15% year on year 3. The rising Chinese activities in the contested sea have become a cause of concern for nations in SE Asia.However, some of them including Inflation accelerated in December to 4.5% (November 4.4%) as higher price pressures for housing, energy and education more than offset falling transport prices. Percent relaxation of controls on domestic and foreign trade. Cigarettes In addition, nine international flight routes including to the US, Thailand, South Korea, China, and Taiwan have been given the green light to resume commercial flights. Cc trang ngoi s c m ra ca s mi. INTELLIGENCE HANDBOOK Flnonced prlmerlly by ~rorrowinp from fho Noflonel0anl:. ca Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam, a US-encouraged civilian presidential election, National Liberation Front for South Vietnam, second combined-arms conventional invasion in 1975, DRV controlled almost the entire country of Vietnam, 1959 South Vietnamese parliamentary election, 1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing, Arrest and assassination of Ng nh Dim, Provisional Central Government of Vietnam, Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (now American Forces Network), 1963 United States-backed coup d'tat that outsted Ng, Front de Liberation des Hauts Plateaux du Champa, Front Unifie de Lutte des Races Opprimees, Learn how and when to remove this template message, International Telecommunications Satellite Organization, League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, "Maintenance Agency for ISO 3166 Country Codes English Country Names and Code Elements", "Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 19541960", Unheralded Victory: The Defeat Of The Viet Cong And The North Vietnamese Mark William Woodruff Google Books, "The Vietnam War: Seeds of Conflict: 19451960", "This Day in History 1974: Thieu announces war has resumed", "Fall of Saigon - 1975 Year in Review - Audio - UPI.com", "Pacific Stars and Stripes MACV Orientation Edition", "Significant Collections > Fonds of the Ta i Biu Chnh Ph Ti Trung Nguyn Trung Phn or the Office of the Government's Representative in Central Midlands", The South Vietnamese Economy During the Vietnam War, 19541975, "Imagining Taiwan: The Nixon Administration, the Developmental States, and South Vietnam's Search for Economic Viability, 19691975", "Vietnam on Film and Television: Documentaries in the Library of Congress", The Constitution of the Republic of Vietnam 1956, The Constitution of the Republic of Vietnam 1967, Timeline of NVA invasion of South Vietnam, Council for National Defense and Security, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&oldid=1139741933, States and territories disestablished in 1975, States and territories established in 1955, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles containing Vietnamese-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with minor POV problems from September 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles needing additional references from April 2022, All articles needing additional references, Articles with Vietnamese-language sources (vi), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, In 19631965, there were numerous coups and short-lived governments, several of which were headed by, Ministry of Public Works and Communications (, This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 17:47. 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