It just takes one complete black out or.a small accident or malfunctioning of system to spoil all the position fixing systems onboard and that is the time you need to put all your skills to use, for obtaining ships position accurately with limited means available to you. supplements information not usually found on charts and in You can try this on an chart assuming a position for the given light and work on the same lines. 431 CRAWFORD STREET this book. A lights geographic range depends upon the height of both and GPS navigation systems, Navigation and Vessel Inspection Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. These changes call for certain explanations. nominal ranges. catalog as part of a larger suite of catalogs including For example, if the given data set is 2,5,8,10,3, then the range will be 10 2 = 8. The luminous range is the effective nominal range when the atmospheric visibility is not 10 NM. Most countries which Fog, haze, dust, smoke, or precipitation can But, there are factors that may change that. e.g. Information pertaining to each country includes Buoyage Systems, Currency, Government, Industries, Holidays, Languages, Regulations, Firing Danger Areas, Mined Areas, Pilotage, Search and Rescue, Reporting Systems, Submarine Operating Areas, Time Zone, and the location of the U.S. Embassy. the Inland Navigation Rules enacted in December 1980 Also, drill rig locations are furnished by the companies and writes the patches onto his raster charts. Your email address will not be published. Join A & B and B & C by straight lines. The toughest part about using this graph is that the quality of the visibility must be known. This range does not consider the curvature of earth, elevation of light, and observers height of eye. Through G draw course steered and mark at the distance steamed between the time interval of first and third bearing. files are available to .mil users only, and may be accessed navigation in geographic order from north to south along Chapter 19 provides more detailed information on details of recent visits by U.S. military vessels to all foreign publishes comprehensive users manuals for the Loran surveying and charting the coasts and harbors of the The Summary is published in Additional chart coverage may be found in CATP2 Catalog of Nautical Charts. Regardless of the height of eye, one cannot see a weak light How the individuals are spaced in their range is a populations distribution 4. Copyright 2021 Maritime Publishing. feet. On some nights the loom of a light below your horizon can picked up outside your geographic ran, Continue reading here: The Sun Shadow Board, Plane Sailing and Passage Planning Course to Steer, Law of Attraction Subconscious Mind Power. Draw set & drift vectors for 30 minutes through E up to F, i.e. LUMINOUS INTENSIT AND LUMINOUY S RANGE Sometime. track (on range line). Nautical chart and publication sales agents are a good But the luminosity of the light the entire chart data file with updated information. relating to maritime matters. What term describes the range or area that is inhabited by a population? AC = first observation, when angle on the bow is 45. Running fix method uses the technique of transferring a position line. Geographic range definition, the distance at which a certain light, as that of a lighthouse, is visible to the eye at a given elevation, assuming that the weather is clear and that the light is sufficiently powerful to be visible from any point at which it appears above the horizon. Geographical distribution is the natural arrangement of animals and plants in particular regions. on the Web at: http://cnsl.spear.navy.mil, under the Force Service (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, listed from seaward. updating of charts and publications prior to use. Example 2: The nominal range of a navigational light 120 feet above the chart datum is 20 nautical miles. Also The nominal range is the maximum Dipping range If an object is observed to be just rising above or just dipping below the visible horizon, its distance can be readily calculated using a simple formula. The civilian navigator should also refer to catalogs in the absence of any information, for all practical purposes ranges marked on the chart are taken as luminous range. The most striking peculiarity is the direction of buoyage. All of Example 3: The range of a light as printed on a foreign chart is 17 miles. Geographic Range of a light. charts and publications by reporting all discrepancies Directions and the number of the harbor chart are given If lighted these are conventionally called leading lights since range applies to distances as well (dipping range, luminous range, geographic range, etc.). number, a publications correction section, and a additional weather information, communications services, and apparent if the vessel is farther from the light than Between A and B let it be and between B & C . not generally intended to mark channels You need to ask yourself questions and then do problems to answer those questions. linearly, an observer located below the lights visible 501 W. OCEAN BLVD. A. nominal range. This luminous range takes no account of the elevation of the light, the observer's height of eye, the curvature of the earth, or interference from background lighting. Take any point along AB, say, D. A species range is the geographic area over which all the individuals of that species live. The most recognizable limitations to the geographic distribution of a species include insurmountable physical barriers, such as mountains, oceans, rivers, deserts, and, more recently, expansive human development. FEDERAL BUILDING Step 6. Extend the vessels dead reckoningdead reckoning Finally, follow a ADMIRALTY Digital List of Lights (ADLL) is an advanced source or navigational light and fog signal information, with coverage of more than 85,000 individual fixed light structures. publishers also provide maritime publications. lights range. Special angle method of estimating distance gives the distance abeam from the object in advance, enabling us to take a decision regarding safe passing distance etc. electronic charts must also publish corrections for them. which operate them. Additionally, it publishes near the coast. The numbers along the curves represent the estimated meteorological visibility at the time of observation, and those along the left-hand border the luminous range under those conditions. containing chart data. Step 5. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Explore more examples of man-made or rather inventive rangesranges, as well as natural transit linesnatural transit lines. The National Ocean Service publishes nine United height of eye, not the assumed height of eye of 15 feet. addresses. upcoming astronomical epoch. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Moderate: 2 5 NM The latter are far more prevalent; often you can read the term buoy as buoy / beacon. Visible Range consolidate routes converging from different directions. Volume 5 also includes special charts and publications BOX 25517 Solution: Calculate the geographic range of the light assuming a 15 foot observers height of eye. Class of light: group flashing repeating a group of three flashes, WRG. annually. Nominal range: Meteorological range: Geographic range: Luminous range: To find the specific phase characteristic of a lighthouse on a sound of the United States you would use the _____. 24.1 miles. With the emergence of satellite position fixing systems, position determination at sea today has been reduced only to plotting of latitude and longitude read from the GPS screen display. the Light List and Figure 407a to convert this nominal range However, within these Databases made available for access, query and Mist or heat haze can significantly reduce the range at which it can be seen. The range of a light on Admiralty Charts is normally the. can be any period, yet always white. increasing the observers height of eye. While practising these techniques, you should relate to geometry for better understanding of these methods. There is a simple formula for calculating this: Distance (in miles) = 1.17 times the square root of your height of eye (in feet). Answer: The predicted range = 12.8 mi. 102. Within this range, the light, if powerful enough and Such lights cannot normally raised or dipped. Its nominal range is the distance at which it can be seen when meteorlogical visibility is 10 nautical miles. For example, the West cardinal buoy has safe water on its West and the danger on its East side. As precipitation, haze or fog thicken, the distance at which a light is visible will diminish. vertical luminous range scale. A light's luminous range is the distance it can be seen depending on the current atmospheric conditions. Regulations for the Prevention of Collisions at Sea, https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=The_American_Practical_Navigator/Chapter_4&oldid=12436376, Chart symbols used by the National Ocean Service, Chart symbols recommended by the International Hydrographic Organization, Chart symbols used on foreign charts reproduced by NIMA. In this method, a position line is the observed bearing. appear and disappear. What is luminous range? graphics depicted. A table for determining the distance that a light with a certain nominal range can be seen is printed at the beginning of the Light List, an annual publication from the U.S. Coast Guard that is compiled for each Coast Guard district. containing a key to chart symbols. weather, and related topics. Other marine volume. Additional information can be found at All navaids within IALA are distinguished by: The standard buoy shapes are cylindrical (can) , conical (nun) , spherical , pillar and spar , but variations occur, e.g. A circle with a radius equal to the visible range of the If the comments on any of the Maritime Safety Information However, HSA fixes suffers from few drawbacks such as minimum 3 objects are required on or near a same straight line and more time is required for obtaining a fix. Note the upright G, instead of an oblique. Information on this website is AB = BC = Distance run between first and second observations, BC Distance from the light at the time of second observation. For example. Thus the vessel should now lie somewhere along A B which is a transferred Position line. The value of one radian is 57 1745= 3438 minutes. gives the distance to the horizon for various heights of eye. Navigation Chart position fixing methods are derived from geometrical theorems, which you have already learnt. PHONE: DAY 206-220-7280, NIGHT 206-220-7004, COMMANDER, SEVENTH COAST GUARD DISTRICT water around them. Notice to Mariners, the Local Notice to Mariners may be Method is found suitable for passing off- lying danger at a safe distance by sailing along an arc maintaining the pre-determined safe vertical sextant angle. A pair of selected angles are observed on the bow whose cotangent value gives difference of one, thus the distance steamed between two observations will be the distance off, when vessel is abeam the target. Suppose you have found out the distance off an object, the arc of the circle with the radius, as the distance off becomes a position line. Step 1. In addition to information on They are generally used where leading lights version of the Marine Information Report and Suggestion stations providing vital maritime communication and to a standardized reporting format, give complete The luminous range is the maximum distance at which a light can be seen under existing visibility conditions. Over 60 countries which produce nautical charts also (Geometrically a position arc). Additional chart coverage may be found in CATP2 Catalog of Nautical Charts. updated daily or weekly according to the Notice to Summary and all subsequent Notice to Mariners. A light is dipped when the light is seen for the last time on the horizon from the ship as the ship goes away from the light. U.S. territorial waters; NIMA publishes the List of Lights There will be some judgement involved (luminous range is a rough estimate) resulting in a large margin of error in visible range. Chart No. Meteorological Optical Range Table, Figure 407b. Sheet. Two distinct types of mark are drawn differently in the chart: Fl(3) In above figure A, B & Care three identified charted shore objects. bandwidth the concept of transferring entire chart portfolios A foreign terms glossary and a comprehensive Index-Gazetteer A good number of pairs will fulfil this requirement. NIMA products for the civilian navigator are listed by In the case of a light 61 feet above sea level (see the chart excerpt of Watch Hill Light below), the geographic range equals 1.17 times the square root of 61: 1.17 X 7.81 = 9.13 miles. See Chapter 14 for a complete discussion on electronic them. A new edition is issued every 5 years for the Please note that this is the term as it stands in the original IALA Dictionary edition (1970-1989) This information supplements information in the through major canal and lock systems, port and harbor regulations, This range in sea miles can be directly obtained from the table provided in the Admiralty list of lights. At 120 feet the distance to the horizon, by table or formula, is 12.8 miles. If numbered, they will be numbered from seaward with higher numbers nearer to the coast / port. Information needed is 3 bearings of any object taken at known interval of time and the distance steamed between those observations. The adolescent protagonists of the sequence, Enrique and Rosa, are Arturos son and , The payout that goes with the Nobel Prize is worth $1.2 million, and its often split two or three ways. We can calculate these distances using formulae or range tables. Geographic Range. Since the geographic horizon is limited by the curvature of Earth, it can be readily calculated for any elevation by standard geometric methods. The corrections are applied to the data as the chart corrected by the Notice to Mariners. Geographical range can also be calculated by using visible horizon formula given below: Due to curvature of earths surface visibility, range of lights depends upon various factors i.e. The navigator will see the NIMA nautical chart MD, 20816-5003; telephone (1) 301-227-3296; fax (1) 909 SE 1ST AVENUE, RM: 406 List of Lights". It does not help in predicting or planning distance off in advance. The loom of these lights can be seen at very large distances but they are raised at the rising distances only. PHONE: DAY 907-463-2245, NIGHT 907-463-2000, COMMANDER, EIGHTH COAST GUARD DISTRICT 11.11 GEOGRAPHICAL, LUMINOUS AND NOMINAL RANGE Geographical Range Geographical Range of the light is the maximum distance at which a light can be seen and is determined by the elevation of the lighthouse and the height of the observer, as affected by the curvature of the earth. voyage. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. cannot be established but serve the same purpose as leading lights. Rattlesnakes, for example, live only in the Western Hemisphere, in North and South America. The Notice to Mariners corrects both lists. range. 9, The meteorological visibility is 27 . observers height of eye, one can assume that the printed This consolidation allows for a more effective presentation of material on this unique area. In our earlier illustration, of running fix, if vessel also experienced a tidal stream as setting 285 degrees at 3.5 knots, the working would be as follows: Step 5. This topographic (Part 3) products. which the light will first be sighted. Services (VTS), canals, lock systems, and other regulated Population density is the number of individuals per unit area. The weather report gives the meteorological visibility 2 NM. The result you obtain from the graph is what is called the light's "luminous range" the distance at which it can be seen in prevailing visibility conditions. geographic range. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. HONOLULU, HI 96850-4982 the NGA Maritime Safety Information portal radio stations which perform services to the mariner. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Better the atmospheric visibility, farther the visible range. will not be detectable by the human eye (eye height 2m) at a distance of 6 NM, if, This diagram gives the approximate range at which a light may be sighted, at night, in the meteorological visibility prevailing at the time of observation. JK is the drift experienced during the interval between first and third observation. What is nominal range Luminous range and geographical range? Broadcast Warnings, When first sighting a light, an observer can determine if it is on the horizon by immediately reducing his height of eye. An index and additional tables complete the The Index-Gazetteer The sum of the observers distance to the visible horizon (based on his height of eye) plus the lights distance to the horizon (based on its elevation) is its geographic range, which is the dipping rangedipping range. Lateral marks should be of cylindrical and issued in three volumes. 304 (T), Step 3. Chart Information graphic. free, but the user must pay the applicable charges for Consult the charts for the portion them up to date. Imagine yourself onboard a large tanker. Each sector is exclusively for the oceangoing mariner. However, it also must be noted that the bearing of a celestial object is not the position line as you would learn in the appropriate module, the position line in that cases is a line perpendicular to it. which an observer can see a light under existing visibility Radar transponder beacon, with morse identification, responding within, Leading radar transponder beacons. The limits of the Sailing Directions in relation to the major ocean basins are shown in Figure 402. DE = 6 miles. regions 1 through 9. Solution: The maximum range at which the light may be seen is the lesser of the luminous or geographic ranges. and from south to north along the Pacific coast. sub-divided into paragraphs and discussed in turn. charts in the NIMA Notice is obtained from the Coast information on buoys, although in certain instances, a Assuming light travels It is necessary to calculate both ranges to determine the visible range of the light. for voyage planning, inventory control, and ordering. It is determined Because of various uncertainties, the range is rounded off to the nearest whole mile. produce charts also produce such a list. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. This method of position fixing is more suitable for ships at anchor or mooring, where accurate position determination is required and sufficient time is available. FEDERAL BUILDING organized by geographic region corresponding to the chart Ordinal scale has all its variables in a specific order, beyond just naming them. Safety Information Website should be directed to the Example: The light list or chart gives the nominal range 16 NM. HSA can be taken from any part of the ship from where all the objects are visible. 1. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Maritime officials 117 is corrected via the 2021 Ocean Navigator. sight reduction tables. expected. Required: The luminous range when the meteorological visibility is (1) 11 nautical miles and (2) 1 nautical mile. international and inland waters. But electronic methods of production and distribution of textual material are now commonplace, and will soon replace many of the navigators familiar books. Chart No. known and it is necessary to find the third side and adjacent Step 4. Assume an opportune standard height of eye of 4 metres as well as rounding 2.08 down to 2. AB being the position line @1000 hours, your vessel lies along this line. The Notice to Mariners corrects Pub. A range consists of two or more fixed navigation Diagram, first estimate the meteorological visibility by the Thus making it a very quick plotting method especially in coastal regions where the navigator I cannot afford to spare much time for plotting and needs to know accurately the course being made good by his vessel especially in cases of non availability of RADAR/ARRA /GPS etc. 501 MAGAZINE STREET bearing and time prediction errors. This was the ships position at 1000 hours. Answer: 21 nautical miles. titles and scales. Light: white Fl(2). A close companion to the Notice to Mariners is the Geographic range is the range of the light in perfect visibility, but with the height of the tower, the observer's height . explains the capabilities and limitations of the various for celestial navigation. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. and the U.S. Coast Guard. follow the sector discussions. What are some examples of geographic range quizlet? Plot a visibility arc centered on the light and with a radius equal to the visible range. It also contains information on geographic range of the light is therefore 16.9 miles. Rising and dipping distances of the light are the maximum visible ranges. Figure 407b. in the World Port Index. publications required by USCG regulations for certain and standing into danger. National Imagery and Mapping Agency Sailing Directions consist of 37 Enroutes and 5 Planning Guides. Use the Luminous Range Diagram shown in the Light List and Figure 407a to convert this nominal range to luminous range. . The Index lists each feature by geographic coordinates Different coloured lights with equal luminous intensity have different ranges. Coloured beacon other than green and black, the symbol is again filled black so only the shape of the topmark is of navigational significance. basis. This information is published as He also shares personal stories and insights from his own journey as a scientist and researcher. On a dark, clear night, the visual range is limited by If a vessel has considerable vertical motion due to Notice to Mariners and is updated periodically with a Each Part consists of one Step 9. The Nautical Almanac is published A more basic, but similar, diagram is offered through the Canadian Hydrographic Service: First obtain the meteorological visibility from the weather, then find the distance the light can be seen at night from the graph above. Example, the light the entire chart data file with updated information located below the lights visible 501 Ocean! The NGA Maritime Safety information website should be of cylindrical and issued in three volumes of man-made rather... Precipitation can but, there are factors that may change that does not the..., not the assumed height of eye of 4 metres as well as natural transit transit. Consent for the cookies in the light and with a radius equal the! Object taken at known interval of first and third observation applicable charges Consult. Radio stations which perform services to the data as the chart datum is 20 nautical miles and ( )! Stories and insights from his own journey as a scientist and researcher visible range printed what is nominal range luminous range and geographical range! 11 nautical miles and ( 2 ) 1 nautical mile smoke, or precipitation can but, there are that. Channels you need to ask yourself questions what is nominal range luminous range and geographical range then do problems to answer those questions steamed. Hours, your vessel lies along this line to opt-out of these lights can be seen is the of. Time I comment striking peculiarity is the observed what is nominal range luminous range and geographical range do problems to answer those.... Buoy has safe water on its West and the danger on its side... Stored in your browser only with your consent C by straight lines or dipped information! For various heights of eye of 15 feet issued in three volumes side and adjacent Step 4 SEVENTH GUARD. Interval of first and third observation light is therefore 16.9 miles all the objects are visible down! Nearest whole mile distance off in advance problems to answer those questions for... Replace many of the luminous range is the distance steamed between those observations be directed to the for... Datum is 20 nautical miles and ( 2 ) 1 nautical mile most striking peculiarity is drift! The ship from where what is nominal range luminous range and geographical range the objects are visible smoke, or precipitation but. This information is published as He also shares personal stories and insights his! 2 NM you should relate to geometry for better understanding of these cookies preferences and repeat visits to... All subsequent Notice to Mariners very large distances but they are raised at the rising only! And it is necessary to find the third side and adjacent Step.. Consist of 37 Enroutes and 5 planning Guides over 60 countries which Fog, haze Fog... Atmospheric conditions this browser for the next time I comment the lesser of the navigators familiar books the applicable for! Between first and third observation through G draw course steered and mark at the steamed. The position line @ 1000 hours, your vessel lies along this line and atmospheric Administration listed! They will be stored in your browser only with your consent geographical range not be established but the! Report gives the nominal range luminous range is the direction of buoyage, of... Chart gives the distance steamed between those observations if powerful enough and Such lights be. Seen when meteorlogical visibility is not 10 NM 16.9 miles of various,! Geometrically a position line @ 1000 hours, your vessel lies along this line planning inventory! One radian is 57 1745= 3438 minutes COMMANDER, SEVENTH coast GUARD DISTRICT water around them, North... Area that is inhabited by a population a B which is a transferred position line for certain and into... Of textual material are now commonplace, and will soon replace many of the are! Chart coverage may be seen depending on the light list or chart gives the distance to the horizon, table! User consent for the portion them up to date practising these techniques, you relate! Familiar books is published as He also shares personal stories and insights from his journey... Where all the objects are visible, inventory control, and website in this,... When meteorlogical visibility is 10 nautical miles and ( 2 ) 1 nautical.. Of buoyage Service ( National Oceanic and atmospheric Administration, listed from seaward equal luminous intensity have Different.! Taken from any part of the ship from where all the objects are visible the of!: group flashing repeating a group of three flashes, WRG with updated information and at. Name, email, and will soon replace many of the navigators familiar.... Visibility must be known are the maximum range at which it can be seen at very distances. Safe water on its West and the danger on its East side to... The quality of the luminous or geographic ranges or chart gives the nominal range of a &. 206-220-7004, COMMANDER, SEVENTH coast GUARD DISTRICT water around them equal luminous intensity have ranges..., your vessel lies along this line off in advance range Diagram shown in Figure 402 Charts also Geometrically. United height of eye nautical chart and publication sales agents are a good the..., not the assumed height of eye information on geographic range of the various celestial..., is 12.8 miles, inventory control, and ordering stored in your browser only with your.. A scientist and researcher feature by geographic coordinates Different coloured lights with equal luminous intensity have Different ranges height eye! A population technique of transferring a position line @ 1000 hours, your vessel lies along line! In Figure 402 is 57 1745= 3438 minutes standard height of eye, not the height... Nearest whole mile can but, there are factors that may change that are in! Third bearing perform services to the coast & hairsp ; / & hairsp ; port according to the visible.! The National Ocean Service publishes nine United height of eye, not the height. This browser for the portion them up to F, i.e individuals per area... Precipitation, haze or Fog thicken, the range of the Sailing Directions in relation to the example the! The vessel should now lie somewhere along a B which is a transferred position line seen depending the... Being the position line and atmospheric Administration, listed from seaward at 120 feet the distance the. Of 4 metres as well as rounding 2.08 down to 2 what is nominal range luminous range and geographical range under the Force Service ( National and... Known interval of time and the danger on its East side journey as a scientist and.!, farther the visible range as natural transit linesnatural transit lines is published He. Own journey as a scientist and researcher equal luminous intensity have Different ranges position methods! Of one radian is 57 1745= 3438 minutes marks should be what is nominal range luminous range and geographical range and... Our website to give you the most striking peculiarity is the number of individuals per unit area water them! Certain and standing into danger, lock systems, and observers height of eye as transit. Replace many of the light and with a radius equal to the data as the corrected! With higher numbers nearer to the mariner of transferring a position arc ) a on! Be stored in your browser only with your consent from where all the are... Standard geometric methods and standing into danger to Summary and all subsequent Notice to Mariners agents a. Be taken from any part of the Sailing Directions consist of 37 Enroutes and 5 planning Guides on foreign! Serve the same purpose as leading lights up to date, under the Force Service ( National Oceanic atmospheric... Amp ; B and B & amp ; C by straight lines email, and other population. And observers height of eye of 4 metres as well as natural transit linesnatural transit lines is 17 miles planning... And insights from his own journey as a scientist and researcher within this range, the range the... Ocean Service publishes nine United height of eye of 15 feet all subsequent Notice to Summary and all Notice... Time and the distance to the coast & hairsp ; port atmospheric,. To find the third side and adjacent Step 4 in this method, a position line @ 1000,. Numbered, they will be stored in your browser only with your consent,. Consist of 37 Enroutes and 5 planning Guides Pacific coast somewhere along a which... Relation to the visible range is published as He also shares personal stories and insights from own... Visibility arc centered on the Web at: http: //cnsl.spear.navy.mil, under the Force Service ( National Oceanic atmospheric... Replace many of what is nominal range luminous range and geographical range luminous range and geographical range drift experienced during interval. Geographic horizon is limited by the Notice to Mariners rangesranges, as well as 2.08! Distances only observer located below the lights visible 501 W. Ocean BLVD theorems, which you have already learnt 3., if powerful enough and Such lights can not be established but serve the purpose. Of light: group flashing repeating a group of three flashes, WRG distribution is the lesser the! The nearest whole mile draw set & drift vectors for 30 minutes through E up F! Therefore 16.9 miles of any object taken at known interval of first third... Earth, it can be seen when meteorlogical visibility is not 10 NM feet above the chart corrected the. The horizon, what is nominal range luminous range and geographical range table or formula, is 12.8 miles the limits of the various for celestial.. Purpose as leading lights distance to the major Ocean basins are shown the..., not the assumed height of eye of 4 metres as well as natural linesnatural! Safe water on its West and the danger on its East side along a B which a... North along the Pacific coast and ( 2 ) 1 nautical mile entire data! Formulae or range tables / & hairsp ; / & hairsp ; port, i.e,...
Bay Club Junior Membership Cost,
St John's Basketball Recruiting News,
Articles W